![]() Īfter the amalgamation, the individual companies continued operating under their established names as subsidiaries of CTR until the holding company was dissolved in 1933. The consolidated entity initially had 1,300 employees and offices/plants in several locations across the United States and Toronto, Ontario. This amalgamation was orchestrated by noted financier Charles Flint. On June 16, 1911, these four companies were merged into a new holding company named the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), headquartered in Endicott. Founded in 1900 by George Winthrop Fairchild in Jersey City, New Jersey, and reincorporated in 1901 in Binghamton, later relocating to Endicott, New York in 1906.Founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 in Washington, D.C.Initiated by Herman Hollerith, who began building punch card-based data processing machines as early as 1884.Founded in 1889 by Harlow Bundy in Binghamton, New York, as the first manufacturer of time clocks.IBM traces its roots to the 1880s through the consolidation of four predecessor companies: Main article: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company Year IBM employees were recognized for their outstanding contributions with numerous accolades, including five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science. Its extensive network comprised scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals spanning over 175 countries. IBM maintained a robust presence with research laboratories dispersed across twelve locations worldwide. As of 2014, the company boasted a workforce exceeding 400,000 employees globally and held the distinction of possessing the highest number of patents among U.S.-based technology firms. Through a series of strategic reorganizations, IBM managed to sustain its status as one of the world's largest computer companies and systems integrators. The competitive edge was gradually lost to clone manufacturers who offered cost-effective alternatives, while chip manufacturers like Intel and software corporations like Microsoft reaped significant profits. IBM responded by introducing a Unix line and a range of personal computers. Desktop machines and Unix midrange computers emerged as cost-effective and easily manageable alternatives, overshadowing multi-million-dollar mainframes. The mainframe-centric corporation grappled with adapting swiftly to the burgeoning Unix open systems and personal computer revolutions. However, IBM encountered difficulties in the late 1980s and 1990s, marked by substantial losses surpassing $8 billion in 1993. Despite challenges posed by clone makers like Amdahl and legal confrontations, IBM leveraged its esteemed reputation, assuring clients with both hardware and system software solutions, earning acclaim as one of the esteemed American corporations during the 1970s and 1980s. ![]() ![]() IBM provided a comprehensive spectrum of hardware, software, and service agreements, fostering client loyalty and solidifying its moniker " Big Blue." The customized nature of end-user software, tailored by in-house programmers for a specific brand of computers, deterred brand switching due to its associated costs. A pivotal moment arrived in the 1960s with the introduction of the System/360 family of mainframe computers. In the 1940s and 1950s, IBM initiated its initial forays into computing, which constituted incremental improvements to the prevailing card-based system. Watson, a proficient salesman, aimed to cultivate a highly motivated, well-compensated sales force capable of devising solutions for clients unacquainted with the latest technological advancements. By 1924, the company rebranded as " International Business Machines." IBM diversified its offerings to include electric typewriters and other office equipment. Watson (1874–1956) assumed the role of General Manager within the company in 1914 and ascended to the position of President in 1915. In 1911, these entities were unified under the umbrella of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). Headquartered in Armonk, New York, the company traces its roots to the amalgamation of various enterprises dedicated to automating routine business transactions, notably pioneering punched card-based data tabulating machines and time clocks. International Business Machines (IBM) is a multinational corporation specializing in computer technology and information technology consulting. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( October 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.
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